Twelfth Commandement
Source: "Ve'Hayu L'Totafot Bein Einecha - And they shall be 'boxes' between your eyes" (Devarim 6:8)
This mitzvah is repeated in other places in the Torah.
Editor's note: Ramabam will get more into this mitzvah in Commandment Thirteen.
Thirteenth Commandment
Source: "U'Kshartam Le'ot Al Yadecha - And they will be a sign on your hand" (Devarim 6:8)
This commandment is also repeated four times throughout the Torah.
The reason why the mitzvah of Tefillin is split into two separate ones is said in Tractate Menachot 44a. The question arises in the case of one who thinks they are just one combined mitzvah and doesn't put on one because of the other which is missing. Therefore, by splitting them up, we prevent one from not doing any mitzvot at all [that are associated with Tefillin]. This is to say, if one of the Tefillin is available, he should don it.
Women are not obligated in the mitzvah of Tefillin. [This is not because it is a time-based mitzvah, rather] the purpose of Tefillin is so that the "Torah of Hashem may be in your mouth" (Shemot 13:9), and as we learned in the previously, women are not obligated in the learning of the Torah.
The Midrash supports this approach, and all of the laws of Tefillin are enumerated in Tractate Menachot (Folios 38a, 42a and b, 44a).
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